Conflict Minerals

Conflict Minerals: A Comprehensive Analysis

Definition

Conflict minerals are natural resources extracted in conflict zones, often under conditions of human rights abuses, and sold to finance armed groups, perpetuate violence, or fuel instability. The most recognized are the "3TG" minerals (tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold), linked to conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries.

Exhaustive List of Conflict Minerals

1. Tin (Cassiterite)

• Primary Uses:
  • Electronics: Soldering for circuit boards
  • Packaging: Tin-plated steel for food cans
  • Alloys: Bronze (tin + copper) and pewter
• Sources: DRC, Rwanda, Burundi

2. Tantalum (from Coltan)

• Primary Uses:
  • Electronics: Capacitors in smartphones, laptops
  • Aerospace: Heat-resistant alloys
• Key Fact: DRC holds 60% of global reserves

3. Tungsten (Wolframite)

• Primary Uses:
  • Industrial Tools: Hardened drilling equipment
  • Military: Armor-piercing ammunition
• Environmental Impact: Toxic byproduct release

4. Gold

• Primary Uses:
  • Electronics: Corrosion-resistant connectors
  • Jewelry: 50% of global demand
• Conflict Link: Smuggling networks

Other Minerals of Concern

• Cobalt: EV batteries (70% from DRC)
• Diamonds: Blood diamonds via Kimberley Process

Impacts of Conflict Minerals

• Human Rights: Child labor, forced labor
• Environmental: Deforestation, pollution
• Economic: Undermines governance

Regulatory Responses

1. Dodd-Frank Act (2010): SEC disclosure requirements
2. EU Regulation (2021): Due diligence mandate
3. OECD Guidance: Global supply chain standards

Conclusion

Conflict minerals remain critical yet problematic components of modern technology. While progress has been made through regulations, ongoing vigilance and consumer awareness are crucial for ethical sourcing.