Mitochondria

The Mitochondria: Cell Powerhouse

Structure of Mitochondria

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. Their structure consists of:

• Outer membrane: Smooth protective layer
• Inner membrane: Folded into cristae for increased surface area
• Matrix: Fluid-filled inner space containing mitochondrial DNA

Primary Functions

These remarkable organelles perform several crucial functions:

• ATP production through cellular respiration
• Regulation of cellular metabolism
• Calcium ion storage
• Apoptosis (programmed cell death) regulation

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA (mtDNA), which:

• Is inherited maternally
• Contains 37 genes
• Mutations can lead to mitochondrial diseases

Fun Facts

Did you know?

• A cell can contain hundreds to thousands of mitochondria
• Muscle cells have particularly high concentrations
• Mitochondria likely originated from ancient bacteria (endosymbiotic theory)

Why They Matter

Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to:

• Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's)
• Diabetes
• Aging processes

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